X. Qin, Etiology of inflammatory bowel disease: A unified hypothesis, World J. Gastroenterol, vol.18, pp.1708-1722, 2012.

J. P. Hugot, M. Chamaillard, H. Zouali, S. Lesage, J. P. Cézard et al., Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, vol.411, pp.599-603, 2001.

S. Lesage, H. Zouali, J. Cézard, J. Colombel, J. Belaiche et al., CARD15/NOD2 Mutational Analysis and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in 612 Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Am. J. Hum. Genet, vol.70, pp.845-857, 2002.

M. A. Rivas, M. Beaudoin, A. Gardet, C. Stevens, Y. Sharma et al., Deep resequencing of GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Nat. Genet, vol.43, pp.1066-1073, 2011.

A. Franke, D. P. Mcgovern, J. C. Barrett, K. Wang, G. L. Radford-smith et al., Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci, Nat. Genet, vol.43, pp.1118-1125, 2010.

C. Gower-rousseau, J. L. Salomez, J. L. Dupas, R. Marti, M. C. Nuttens et al., Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern France, Gut, vol.35, pp.1433-1438, 1988.

C. Gower-rousseau, F. Vasseur, M. Fumery, G. Savoye, J. Salleron et al., Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: New insights from a French population-based registry (EPIMAD). Dig. Liver Dis, vol.45, pp.89-94, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01701899

F. Vasseur, B. Sendid, T. Jouault, A. Standaert-vitse, L. Dubuquoy et al., Variants of NOD1 and NOD2 genes display opposite associations with familial risk of Crohn's disease and anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody levels, Inflamm. Bowel Dis, vol.18, pp.430-438, 2012.

Y. Ogura, D. K. Bonen, N. Inohara, D. L. Nicolae, F. F. Chen et al., A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, vol.411, pp.603-606, 2001.

D. J. Philpott, M. T. Sorbara, S. J. Robertson, K. Croitoru, and S. E. Girardin, NOD proteins: Regulators of inflammation in health and disease, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.14, pp.9-23, 2014.

;. Inohara and . Chamaillard,

C. Mcdonald and G. Nuñez, NOD-LRR proteins: Role in host-microbial interactions and inflammatory disease, Annu. Rev. Biochem, vol.74, pp.355-383, 2005.

N. Inohara, Y. Ogura, A. Fontalba, O. Gutierrez, F. Pons et al., Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn's disease, J. Biol. Chem, vol.278, pp.5509-5512, 2003.

J. H. Cho, The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.8, pp.458-466, 2008.

Y. Gavel and G. Von-heijne, Sequence differences between glycosylated and non-glycosylated Asn-X-Thr/Ser acceptor sites: Implications for protein engineering, Protein Eng, vol.3, pp.433-442, 1990.

S. Maekawa, U. Ohto, T. Shibata, K. Miyake, and T. Shimizu, Crystal structure of NOD2 and its implications in human disease, Nat. Commun, 2016.

N. Barnich, T. Hisamatsu, J. E. Aguirre, R. Xavier, H. Reinecker et al., GRIM-19 interacts with nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 and serves as downstream effector of anti-bacterial function in intestinal epithelial cells, J. Biol. Chem, vol.280, pp.19021-19026, 2005.

M. Girardelli, J. Vuch, A. Tommasini, S. Crovella, and A. M. Bianco, Novel missense mutation in the NOD2 gene in a patient with early onset ulcerative colitis: Causal or chance association?, Int. J. Mol. Sci, vol.15, pp.3834-3841, 2014.

Y. Chen, M. Salem, M. Boyd, J. Bornholdt, Y. Li et al., Relation between NOD2 genotype and changes in innate signaling in Crohn's disease on mRNA and miRNA levels, NPJ Genom. Med, vol.2, issue.3, 2017.

F. Molinié, C. Gower-rousseau, T. Yzet, V. Merle, B. Grandbastien et al., Opposite evolution in incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Northern France, Gut, vol.53, pp.843-848, 1988.

R. Maiti, G. H. Van-domselaar, H. Zhang, D. S. Wishart, and . Superpose, A simple server for sophisticated structural superposition, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.117, pp.761-771, 2004.

M. Kircher, D. M. Witten, P. Jain, B. J. O'roak, G. M. Cooper et al., A general framework for estimating the relative pathogenicity of human genetic variants, Nat. Genet, vol.46, pp.310-315, 2014.

P. C. Ng and S. Henikoff, Predicting deleterious amino acid substitutions, Genome Res, vol.11, pp.863-874, 2001.

I. A. Adzhubei, S. Schmidt, L. Peshkin, V. E. Ramensky, A. Gerasimova et al., A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations, Nat. Methods, vol.7, pp.248-249, 2010.