What is the actual contribution of the Global South to the open access movement? Do open repositories and academic journals in open access change the situation of unequal scientific production? The question is quite simple but the answer isn't, and this for three reasons. Monitoring open access is still a problem, and despite useful and efficient directories and discovery tools, nobody can provide reliable information on the content in open access. Also, because of their bias in favour of great research countries like the United States, UK, Germany or France, emerging countries and the Global South in general are less visible and underrepresented in these tools. Finally, the very term of Global South is fuzzy; what exactly is the Global South? The following chapter tries to provide some empirical elements for a better understanding of the situation.