Background/rationale or Objectives/purpose: Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI), including psychological interventions, are getting more and more common in clinical practice. They can be, for example, related to changing health behaviors (e.g., smoking), emotional management or stress management. Such as drug development, frameworks related to NPI development and evaluation are available. The aim of this presentation is to discuss these frameworks and their relevance regarding the complexity of psychosocial interventions in oncology. Methodology or Methods: A literature review on interventional research conducted in oncology and identifying the frameworks used, as well as the difficulties met by researchers was performed. This work was enhanced by discussions with researchers conducting interventional research in Belgium, Canada, France, and Switzerland to have a broader view of commonalities and differences between countries. Impact on practice or Results: Currently, researchers use the existing frameworks and continue to perform controlled randomized trials as a gold standard methodology. However, they frequently are confronted to the limits of these methods, such as difficulties in assessing the complexity of the intervention developed and to fully understand the impact of the intervention for their users. Furthermore, more than forty frameworks for the validation and monitoring of NPI exist (Carbonnel & Ninot, 2019), sometimes specific to a condition or used in single countries. This raises numerous difficulties for researchers. Discussion or Conclusions: An international agreement is needed. NPI are frequently complex interventions by nature and need a more ecological approach to evaluate the impact of the intervention on their users.